Internal-combustion engine



Patented- Non 2 6,

- type or v spontaneous ignition-i] or the fuels a immm-eem snqs i any nimluasmmi N13!- s-asslgnm'entstto Theirexas Company,- Mi Incorporation of llelaware,

tlon engintn! the' fuel-mention snark-ignition en Sine.

fledllecemlier 751943; as

serialil ioi' 483,031, tiled disclosed andgclaimedi a method 7 of {operating siich an-engine; whereby new asses es: a

Y knocking of'the engine;areeeliminatedf'irresneci w ,clent fuelflrom mixi'n air within the combustion space wmcn=wou1qno s 'burned s combustible L trappeidjby' the heme that-fsnontaneousignition hi the :mitture cannot knocking or the engine :lanotjpose,

'tive of the-octane valueand :oetane va1ue of the charge =density sionratio or theengine "and thej eventing-sum used; ='-'I'his is accomplished hy} gt with that many form the sci-called "end -gas meamngrun fuel f vapor-air mixture takepla and m .s .7 air lsintroduced into thecomjpustlon space'ot the:-

engine in a'manner to produe a hlilhvelocity of Jectedilntothe swirling movement therein, this air-is compressed i tissues-wit front following ignitlomfso v 'tuelemployed,'and" irrespeotive'of thexeompres -f:u t

[man y-a d s t pr y more 'ormless" sqlldiplet ot high ferred-i enihodinientof; that diiventlon',

' 'lhis invention ism-a aniseaeraai wnisus .11 ;.it-. is, mu times,

1 e 's t and ejn; "4 31 915? of low I over; v in order to mount the fuel ;so'as to discharge a, 515,254; a a

thef-fuel-is injectedin a generally tangential di- "r eotion of theeomhustion'spaoe inthe direction the form of a: highly atomized I intensity. *Ma'nyofthe con are not-jcapableoi producing the desiredtype of but rather, form a intensity, Moremust be drilled},with a. bore passing through the waliln a non-.radialdirection, which may, involve j "oertalndimcultles inoonstruction and considera- "tlons oi structuralstrength;strains,,and theforima ti'onoia zas-tightsea-h Moreover, many conbustlon, are equipped. with radially drilled holes j which are not susceptibletothe proper mounting while maintaining the swirling movemenwand near the end of the compression ner toprovide' perature and pressure that at least-a part "of' the fuel flash vaporizes or iorms vapjor veryrapidly,

stroke iuel istin compressed-swirling airrin aiman knock-tree eom'busti'ona The lat- 1 ter is" effected by, injectln'g the-fuel at such-a temthis vapor-mixeswithitheswirling air to prune;

oniy/a'short travel V v The first increment of injected. fuelrisl spark i'gv a v 40 mixture has been-tormedpand betore.sufllbienta.

duoe a combustible 'fuel from,

nite d substantially i as s'ooni as the: combustible fuel hastbeemintroduoed to produce ignooh -z'rhe immedlatelgnltiontof this 'flrstrincrement. o fjlnlected' tuel establishes ag 'fianie front; and the-ling- I 'ritim ed' duringithe'ibalanoeaofl theylnleetion periodi-i'nto the combustion space immediately. advanee Thelnet resultj, "$118-$133! combustible:- fuel-girl" mixture under'g'oingcombustion within the cyii s me a ter on s tion vapor-air mixture with I the locus-of-"injeetion, D

th tii'ss' '01 the injection nozzle ventionis to overcome the.

oulties and tofl rovide'for theready. and economio cal oonversiongof: available engines and oon ven itional iuel injection; nozzles knookeireecombustion. I q

;Another object o! theypresent-invention' is. to

011 the] cylinder.walhpiston and Shir in. the desired tangential relationship.

1 One rjozvtne iprmciaaiiobj ts of the prese t in? above-mentioned;

.-.tothis method of luel! inie ti in z l 94 an method {if knook-free' 1 oornbustiomwlthout.knoqking v in aa-,-fuel-lnjeotion' pirkignition internal-comhustion-engine, wheree nf thelfueli jet 1 from the nozzle i s1 for'x ne, intof the electrodes is at the, ;same

t m e c d'eda,

cushioned by. au-massof incomhustiblegas; either. air or produots of] combustion or-botlu. Conseq11 nt1y;theaccumulation oi'any substantial amount on highlycompressed and heated end gases consisting 0t unburned com- "bustible =-iuel-,a-ir m xture. i avoided, and; knockingoI- the enginecannot ot'euifigv a the preferred embodimentnnentioned above,

iniection nozzle I a generally tansentim direc- 1 tion' or ,the combustion space, he cylinder Wail vent'i'onal engines Whioh areothervvise adaptable to. conversion to this method of knock-free com- I ovidegamadapter@for zconvemently and eco- 'f' nom e vim un nae a engine eylinderto produce by impingement a dey sired atomized soft spray or. proper intensity and, dispersion and of limpet-direction in the combus- 19 1 151 W combu ti n-31.; 1 I v 4 ni l r@ 1 1: 1 h I inve i n i to oi vide' ar method oi end apparatustor oar'ryiiis out I I 'Qther objects advantages of the inveptlon 3 will be apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the attached drawings and appended claims.

In .the drawings, which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention,

Fig. 1 is a plan view of an engine cylinder, with appurtenances including the fuel injection system and controls illustrated diagrammatically;

Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional view taken on the plane of the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;

Fig; 3 is a perspective view of the adapter;

Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view of the adapter taken on the plane of the line 4-4 of Fig. 3; and

Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic plan view of the engine cylinder combustion space, illustrating the type of combustion occurring therein.

Referring more particularly to Figs. 1 and 2, the engine cylinder is indicated at l having the usual water jacket I I, with piston I2 and connecting rod I3 which runs to the usual crank shaft (not shown). The cylinder head is equipped with an intake port l4 communicating with a conven tlonal air intake pipe or manifold which may contain a customary air filter (not shown). Port l 4 is controlled by a poppet intake valve l having a valve stem l6 extending through the head to the exterior thereof. The cylinder head is also provided with an exhaustport l1 communicating with a conventional exhaust pipe which may contain a suitable muiller (not shown). The exhaust port is controlled by-a poppet valve it! having a valve stem 49 also extending throughthe head. It will be understood that the valve stems l6 and ii! are actuated in customary manner by suitable cams carried by a conventional valve cam shaft (not shown) driven at one-half the engine speed for four-cycle operation.

As shown, a disc-shaped combustion space 20 is formed within the engine cylinder, which is'cir- ,cular in cross-section. While the piston and cylinder head are shown in Fig. 2 as being flat, one or more may be dished or crowned. It is to be understood that the term disc-shaped is used in a broad sense as meaning a combustion space which is generally circular in cross-section, but which may have various configurations in vertical section due to dishing or crowning of the piston or cylinder head or both. The intake valve I5 is equipped with a shroud 2i shown as extending approximately 180 about the valve, the ends of the shroud being positioned substantially on a radius of the combustion space (Fig. 1). The air intake opening of the valve is thus tangential to thereby impart a high velocity of swirling movement to the air introduced into the combustion space in the-direction of the arrow 22. While the 180 shroud in the position shown constitutes a preferred arrangement, it is to be understood that the angular extent of the shroud and the setting of the shroud with respect to the true tangential position can be altered somewhat to secure diflerent velocities of air swirl, so long as the spray pattern. rate of fuel injection and-positioning of the fuel injection opening with reference to the locus of spark ignition are properly coordinated with the air swirl velocit in a manner more fully described below. Moreover; the induction air swirl can also be secured by arranging the air upper end of the combustion space, 20. The socket provides a slight semicircular indentation in the wall of the combustion space, the electrodes 21 being. at the center of this indentation and approximately on the imaginary line constituting a continuance of the circumference of the combustion space as viewed in Fig.1. The electrodes 21 extend down intothis socket 25 so that the ends of the electrodes are just below the horizontal plane of the upper end of the combustion space as viewed in Fig. 2. It will be understood that spark plug .26 is connectedbywire 28 in 'a'conventional ignition system (not shown) which is timed in synchronization with the engine cycle to produce a spark of ignitibleintensity at the electrodes 2'! at the proper periodof the cycle.

The cylinder is also equipped with a threaded bore 30 drilled on a radius of the cylinder combustion space (Fig. 1), the included angle 3| between the radii intersecting the center ofbore 30 and the electrodes 21 respectively being shown as approximately 30, although this maybe varied ashereinafter described. In accordance with the present'invention, an; adapter 32 (Figs. 3 and 4) is mounted within bore 30 and receives a-fuel in-' jection nozzle 33. Fuel from a suitable source of supply such as tank 35 is drawn through line 36 by fuel pump 31 driven by-the engine in, any

. conventional manner. The fuel pump forces the intake port 14 so as to be generally tangential to 1 liquid or liquefied fuel under-pressure of about 500,-4000 lbs. per square inch throughline 38 into an accumulatingtank 39, from whichit passes by line Ill leading to the injection nozzle 33. Line 40 contains acheck valve 4| and may be equipped with. a suitable heating means, shown as'an electrical heating coil-42. While any conventional fuel injection system can be employed, the one shownis of particular adaptation to multi-cylinder engines, since the separate cylinders and their respective injection nozzles can be supplied through individual lines 40 running from the accumulator tank 38. V

Any suitable and conventional means for regulating'the quantityof fuel injected and the time of fuel injection in relation to the engine cycle can be employed. As diagrammatically illustrated, the injection nozzle 33 is equipped with a spring actuated valve 44 having a valve stem operated by cam, carried by cam shaft 46, which isinterconnected to bedriven b-ythe engine at half the engine speed in any conventional manner. Cam 45 may be adjusted relative to the piston stroke to control the-time of fuel injection" or'injection advance,-and adjusted relative to the valve stem'to. control the lengthof 1 time of opening ofthe valve to control the rate of fuel injection and' the amount, of fuel injected on each stroke. as controls forthis purpose are conventional and -well-known,fno further illustration thereof is deemed necessary. 7 It is to be understood that the quantity and rate of fuel injection and the injection advance can be con trolled bye, cam-.operatedpplunger-type' fuel pump cooperating with a pressure-operated'check valve in the injection nozzle in conventional manner, instead of the'arrangement described above.

' The adapter 32 is preferably formed of good heat absorbing and conducting material, such as brass- Thisadapter comprisesa body'portion of larger external diameter and a threaded extension 5| of smaller diameter adapted toibe received in gas tight relationship in the threaded bore 30. An external shoulder limits threaded insertion of the adapter into the bore 30, so that the end wall 53 of the extension is substantially flush with the circumference-oi -.the,:combustionwhat: upwardly so that the outer;surfacethereoi;

space 20: TIlebOdY pOitiOnSO-isiflfmed with an dust,missestheelectrodes 2-1 of the spark plug; v enlarged'socket' portion 54,:tlie'outer end of which I The end wall 53 is inaposition to'receive hea -t has internal screwthreads?,adapted torreceive' of combustidntrom thecombustion spaceandgtoan; externally threadedcportiona560i fuel injec- 9 store that heat sin ce'gtheadapter-is notdii ectly tion nozzle 33 in gas-tightrelatlonshipw Extencontacted bylthe cooli waterswithin the'watei-f.

'slon H1iis'i="formedwith. a; socket-portion of v jacketlll, 'Howeve since the, adaptep 'is pref -smaller internal.diameter adaptedto receivethe erably ..ot l'iigh"gheat conductivity, this-- heat is noz'zletipilwhich is provided with thegusual 111-; taken .up in substantialp. 1 W1" l w jection-.-spo1tt 59 at'the: end-thereon An internal-'10; impingesonthe-Iuel passage 63 so that the-fuel shoulder 60 limits threaded engagement of nozzle, 1 is simultaneously, heated to promote. rapid va-.'

' 1 within threadsv 55 by virtue, of ccoperating;: porizationasit is, converted by impingement intoq shoulder 6| on the nozzle so that thejinjection the soft atomized spray." This produces a spray v portais' is close to and positioned, rearwardliofw: l whose outer surface is in..th,e form of; a very fine theinterlor of enduvl iallfl. ;1 v 1 3 5 5, mist'tvhlch'fi f.a mos i m d at ly pn fi i llm -A:borej63=is drilledxthroughsthe end-."wallfi," Q aporfasit passes into the combustion space: a.

this'bore flaring-:outwardlyjtrom a smaller di -f V Inf'operatiomon the fou1 '-str oke cycle, ai 11 or ameter: opening -,64 .'Iacing theefuelinjectionport dilute fuel aii 'mixture whichlsjod l an' o 9-, 59, inthe nozzletipfifl; to .a; larger diameter post; ports-combustiqn l jd n y the suction stroke fiatztheouter surface ofiendwvall:53.: As shown Q1 pi o l'i ql i k port I4, an h ueh particularly .in Fig. ,3,thecenter"line:of bores? 'theatangential po it iformed lzpyshroud '2l s'o,'a.s

is inclinedwitl'ig respect to" the central: axis :of the 1' to mpar a b e d 10, 11"! P Sw g m vem nt, adapter,- whereby the fueljettdischarged from; tothe 8 fihfi li d r, -T -(i vi e I port 5,9sofsnozzle tip'5fl passes zthroughthezinneri mixture is then compx essedon the compression port ilas indicatedsby theline GT-andimpinges 2 strok o t e -pi o Ina-injectio advance is,f

on: theztwalllof boreflat substantially -the locus Setsgihat the-stagt; of fuel injection occurs on.

* indicated :at 68. Thefco'mpar'atiyely solid 'fuel e chc q f m a out 15 ber reitop' deadgceat detgoi rather high intensityas producedby'nozzle: to aboutZOiaitettop dead; centenand preferably v 4 3 3;isjtherebyl deflectedrinithe: form' 'o'fo an-highly; b ti oi'in efqrkt d a center;ofthe com atomized softlspraytof'low intensity whichp'asses'; .-"PIe S1Qn st vqk- The i Ql l i d,from-no zle,a

Qthrough. the o'uten port ssint th'e combustlon- 'y'niasa f t er mni gel i mem e fiien spaee'asaindicated at sa- 'rhe outward flare jot-j v em e in the combust nspa w 1 4521 5 theafuel impingement; passage? is S0 c0o1 dl-'f; dicatedvxnore clearly' inRigs. 3 and dwhere-the nated withothe1 constructional; featuresjinclud x Soft sp ll l wn fl 5 Th Outer fid yq t h ing theipositionin'g of the'nozzle:tip and :the gen-* may wh c v r zerap dly is m d ;-w t f terz'line"mil-directionalaxis 'ofr'tliesfuel jet-from swinliri sairlanddisatzthe same time difiused as the-nozzlethat.the deflected softspray '69 pa'ssjes, indicatfidyat 1.0 towardthe. mc n he I into the combustion spacetzlfl withcut.substantial. combustion-space and 1mm direct contaotyWlth rei'mpii'igementzon the-sivallofaliheifuel passagebk" the electrodes'flof spark plug26., -g1n this lnianij adapter, as indi'cated'b y-thefi-included angle 1'0, the combustible i-tuel-yaporrair; mixture "rapidly:

'portions-to theaxis ofthe :adapter'is-"at'isubstan-' the outer, edgeiof't the vaporized-mel-mist is ytially i-l'ghtangles to the imaximum"angular im bmught ,:directlyinto contact rwlth th ese eleca sadapti'i as' win be ev'ident fro 'jwillbepositionedsubstantiallyla-s shown in Fig. 2 9 intensity s p ent at thegelectrodesjat line somewhat aboveythe horizontalpcenter v-line 'of I e fir ti vr z i e uel in' portion of this'angular inclinationiidirected- 0 m ustionmausesrapid p nsi n otgtne 'mostortne angular incllnationpfthesocket porv. neece t 'r 't e us 'spac sp oduclnsla I flected spray thus passes into'the'eombustmn flOn as bein O fipp le -width, it is-to' be? I spaceim a generally tangential direction-thereof: v n t o 'th t'the'regionof active'burnlnsifil v also-lslightly inclined upwardly as viewed in the I thew .fmnt a not have th avimtnuma I ment oiliquid fue1-partic1eson the wall; and -be-s turle'during the intervening travel oftheiinjected' ingotsuflicientlyslow intensity suchthatlthetuela fuel-,"whlle at the'same.timetheplugifilssuffl doesrnot travelacross the combustionj spacejto' -x clently'closetqthe locus offlnjection to prevent! V .impingecn. the3 fa1f wall'inl-liquid form: At: the the accumulation-sw1thin" the combustion space same time,-: the.spray ,formisflattenedaswiewed' of any substantial-amountrof'combustiblemin -i As shown-more pa'ifti'cularlyin Figg k-the fuel. '4 I 1 rie f t. m ifi emenl O yl q fi P8 1 16 I nozzle soeket portions 5.4 andigsl oftbeadapte'f i, on theielectrqgle 1 Y dd-'/S .mi fi ngandare drilled :at; an angl'e' to thejcentralI-axis of the damping out-cube plug isapreventeds Howeven';

Themaxlmumangularinclinationpf thefsocket o d- IiOm"t e-mixing Of the" swirling 'alI'EWi h.

clinationofthe'fuel'passage 63;tothe'axis ofthe trodes.

I I I ands-4.1 Theksparkltiining is s s'nchroniz ed he v When. the: adapter 'isp 'operly.mountediin plalcefl jectionadvanceinta 'manner'descrihed in 'ate I with1n'bore- 30; the outer p'ortffi 1n-end'wall'53w5o detail hereinbelow," SO':- that".a, 'SDM'k -Q fl iflQE- boi ejll; Most of the angular inclination of fuelof ,lcombustiblefuel vapopair' mixtur, passage 63-isdirected in' 'the horizo'ntaliplane of those electrodes. This-insures ignition an, b5; 1 Fig;- 1 toward thei'locus of sparkiignition;*but 5 lishesa-flame front indicated at ll; 'Iheheat:

upwardly as sHOW'nJ-inFigTZ: Atthe"-same t'ime-, ixtu e a -thinn pr d nw dly t ward'i tions 54-1-5115 directed upw'ardly inithevertical zone of :ucombustion-: indicated by thecross Plane or F g. ass that impi ement results-ins goo a dP L' Z" f F1gJ5.,While'--the c m-, slight upward tilt to the spray fformi Thejde; bustionzonelhs. shown for-'clearnessin illustra f as viewed in the-horizontal laneorFig}. 1;;buns;- be conflned=-substantiallygto a curved line ll of,

vertical P s i 'l'he net-result isthe t' dicatei ,p r

production ot'ria .fanyshaped spray as'viewed in I The. spark plug-72d is;spaced fib a1e',1oi1s of Fig. 11 located atlone sidesofzthe' combustion space 1, j ctionraaa .sufllcientj distance towpermit rthe; nearsthe wall thereot butavoiding direct impingef rmationlof the c mb tibl fuel. vapor-air mixi-yin the vertical -plane.of Fig 2': and directed some; 75' tureprior to ignition" Inthe particular arrangenient shown, employing diameter'of 3% inches, 'good results have been.

clinations of the fuel passage ltandthe nozzle 1 standard cylinder equipped with radiallyfldrilled bores can" be readily converted to the-present a"cylinder having a bore secured withan inclined angle Ii of about 30-90 and preferably about 30-45 between the radii passing through the electrodes 21 and the locus of injection 65 respectively.- It is to be understood that the spray pattern, fuel intensity of the jet, and the velocity of air swirl may be altered and correlated for different spacings of the plug greater than about 20 and less than about 135.

It will be understood that the. angular-zinsdcketM-H can be' altered to suit the particular relationshipsof spacingof the adapter and plug,

the. cylinder diameter and the velocity'of air swirl, so that the proper type of spray; pattern 1 I is formed for each relationship. Moreover, in some cases, the required angular relationship be-' tween the 'directionalaxis of fuel injection from the nozzle and the directional. axis of the spray" form resulting 'from impingementcan 'bef pro; ducedby proper inclination of the fuelpassage ll alone, instead of the combination of the nozzIe socket inclination and the;- fuel passage jmcuna: tion as shown In this 'manner a standard and conventionaltype of-fuel injection nozzle and a method oftoperation for knock-free combustion.- During] the continuancejof that portion of the compression or combustion stroke or both, which falls wlthinflthe periodf fuel injection, additional fuel is :Qinjected ,toward the flame front ll space with progressivelyless'er proportions toward and adapter in order to obtain the desired knock free operation. In general, it can be statedthat the "included angle 3i" should be the a center. Such uniform impregnation is accomplished in the constructionshowniiby arranging the fan-shaped sprayito o'ne side of the combustion space, so that the outernedge of the fan is close to but does not impinge directly against the-cylinder wall, while the inner edge of the fan is off-set from 1 the center of the: combustion space. The expansion of the products of combustion then causes-sufllcient movement of vaporand is mixed withfresh'quantiti'es of the swirlingair to form combustible fuel'vapor-airlj mixture that is ignited and burned as it reaches vthe flame front. It will be noted that the-flamefronttends to travel toward the .locus' of fueliniection; but the high swirling movement of the air and other gases within the,.- combustion, coupled with the. I fact that the mixture within the diffused spray actual relative movement of the flame front lzed fuel toward the center toseifect the desired impregnation of the lesser amount of air in this region. -With the'partlcular construction shown, including the 180; shroud produclnga given'velocity of'air swirl, andthe relative positioning of the adapter and sparkplug,-region 'l of Fig. 5

indicates the zone into which the fuel spray was injected for efficient lmock-free operation of the:

present invention: 'while region 2 indicates the zone in which knocking would occur: when the fuel was injected insubstantial amount in that region; isincexthe outeredgeoffthespray pat-i tern shouldbe closeto but spaced slightly from the. plug electrodes, so that liquidiuel particles donot .directlylmpinge on the electrodes, the

positioningpf, the plugin the particularv construe-1 tionrshown is preferably close to, the circumfer ence' of the; combustion space, so that the desiied' spray pattern mm. be utilized 'to,.zun iformly iinpregnate' the'swirling air across; radius of the combustidnspace, and atthe same 'timecombustible fuel; vapor'air, mixture difllises'sinto contact "with ;theelectrodes; While the plug electrodes with a respect tqthe cylinder wall, so that tha -flame,

front may remain comparatively; stationary or in a fixed location with respect to the cylinder I wall, ignition plug, and adapter The combinationcf- *the "additional fuel-air mixture takes place'alrnost as'rapidlyas formed,

sothat no opportunitylsgiven.for'unburned fuel to become disseminatedwldelythroughout the combustion space. Theffirstportions, of fuel-air designed) defl ct mixture, which were rapidly burned- -in- .zone|2,-

can {bepositioned 'adiacen'tvthe inner edge. of the fan-shaped spray, that 'iis th'e edge closer-to the center-of the combustion space; this requires more critical ,correlation 1o fithe positioningof'theelectrodes with respect; to the-ssprayipattern, since {69 is incombustibly rich, tends to counteract the swir ing a 't toiblomhfe fo m dfuel vapor, away, from the electrodes; Co'nsequently,:

. the outer positioning of the-electrodes: in the, arrran'gement- ShOWlli is preferred Moreover, 'the v outer=-edfiztofthe spray pattern can the become lncornbustible exhaust gases ,which'fcom as indicated at", Following thepowristroke;

' the electrodes 21 at the circumference -oi the it should be. pointed out" that the plug canbe mounted in otherfpqsitions with an adapter correlated to producea proper: spray pattern for the I particular location chosenr For" example-the;

electrodes may belocated about ""to'1 from 7 the circumferenoe off the combustion wetland v the elevation of the electrodes may he shifted-to bring them'down toor below thehorizontal'plane of the locus of: injection.

However, inorder, to efficientlyv .thcair 7s tinue the swirling movementaro'und the'cylinde'r the exhaust gases are dischargedlxthrough'the.

'properignition. I

, While the adapter construction shown, which ments*.can be-:employed. example,;the fuelmay bef jdeflecte n the air, swirl or against the, ,air .zswlrl Such modifications require a proper correlation iof ithe -injection rate and sprity pattern -theivelocity of air ,swirl, the "'cylinderadiameteljgand. the. relative positioning of I e v the adapter :and'fspark 111.08" in accordance with th'egeneral principles 'setforthabove. combustion space and-at the upper end thereof, '65 While theipresentinventioncan be operated With:a substantially instantaneous spark at the plugelectrodea-this. requires a critical coordinationof; the spark advance with: the injection advancei f. For example, i in the construction shown in the drawings employing injection in" the directioni'of air swirl, the instantaneous spark 5 should occur atthe, plugiele'ctrodes at an instant within the range .ofabout 4:40, and-preferably about 5 of crank: angle movement" following thestart of fuelxiniectionx induction iracrouor the spray in the direction against the air swirl, then the spark; advance is usually within therange'of about 105 after-the injection advance for theinstantaneous spark;

"However, it has been found that the convene tional magneto ignition system has a spark duration of about -30 crank angle degrees ,atan engine speed of 1800 R. 13. M. ,While not all of the-endwall 53. ,The adapterwas further drilled to providethe flaring fuelpassage 63, having a port of-abouts: of an inch diameter at the Y inner end and flaring outwardly at a inthis spark'durationmay-be of sufficient intensity to ignite the mixture, a, considerable spark tolera'nce is provided and varies with the particular circuit and the size of thefspa'i'k'gap employed.

In general, such conventional automotiveignltion a circuits "of the mag-netotype fwillaflord a spark tolerance "ofifabout 5-159; such thatithe' spark I advance may be setto precede thestart of injec&

tion by as much asfabout] 5510?, while thfe-full retardsetting of the; spark a vance maybe as much as" 7 or more after thestait of fuel injection; The proper setting for any particular ignltion circuit for a given engine construction can be readily-'determinedby those skilled in thejart cluded angle ,to give anopening 65 of about diameter atits outer end. The said flaring fuel center 'of.-port1 65 was approximately V4? above in accordance with the principles s t forth above,

bearing in mind that a sp'arkof ignitible intensity should be present-at the plugelec'trodes at e the time theflrst'increment' offl inj ectedffuel in the form of combustible fuel vapor-airmixture reaches the plug electrodes, Moreoveiga ontinuous spark or" semi-continuousfjspark which stays on for a predetermined portion of thcycle 1 While the invention has been described above as applied to four-cyclejoperation, itis tobe uriderstood'th'at the invention is also applicable to two-cycle operation: For example, a' two-cycle engine maybe equipped with airintake ports for directionalintroduction Ofth'eair just above the bottom of 'piston'travel, whereby as irnn move:

ment of the air can be"impart ed,fand'the fuel injected into the compressed-swirling air and ignited in the manner described. above; While the invention in its simplest form dispensesfwith the conventional'carburetors and manifolds of present-dayiengines, fit-is to be understood that Y a system ofcarbureti'on can also be employed conjunction with the fuel injection systemoi'tlie. presentinvention, provided the initial'carbureted,

fuel vapor-air. mixture drawn into the engine cylinders-contains insuilicient fuel to support combustion or to be spark-ignited. Moreover, while the air drawn into the cylinder on each cycle is preferably unthrottled, the invention is applicable to an engineoperating with throttling of the air on each cycle in accordance with the power required. v

By way of specific example, very. satisfactory operation in accordance with the present invention has been secured with a conventional CFR engine equipped with'a multi-port cylinder, by mounting the spark plug ili in the conventional hot plug port, and the adapter of the'present' invention in the conventional accessory or micro- 7 intothefcombustion space when'said adapter is" mounted within said cylinder opening,thefaxis the horizontal centerline. of bore 30. j'l'his construction' produced the soft fan-shaped andflattenedr fuel spray iii! -as shown in Figs 1 and 2,

and gave very satisfactory knock-free combustion at compression ratios as high as 1 0:1 with manifold pressures as high as 112" of mercury absolute with fuels from 0 to 100 CFRM octane.

f Obviously malny' modifications and variations of the invention, as hereinbefore'set forth,- may .be made without departingefrom the spirit and scope; thereof, and only; such limitations should be imposed as ;are indicated in the, appended cla m 1..

-l.' An-adapterfora fuel-injection nozzle't be used in an ,intemal -,.combustion engine oi, the character described, comprising a heat absorbingmember:having angextension-adapted to be mounted in tight; engagement within an opening through the wall-q of the internal combustion enginecylinder to receive heat from the cylinder combustion space, anda body portionhavin'g a socket adapted to receive ,said' fuel' injection nozzle in tight engagement-with the tipof said nozzlev located within "the adapter rearwardly of the end of said extension, said adapter having a bore opening atthe inner end thereof in align- Iment 'withsaid nozzle" tip when positioned within said socket, andextending through saidexten sion inform a fuel discharge port adapted to open of said bore'being inclined with'respect to the axis of fuel injection from said nozzle at an 1 angle so that a fuel jet from said nozzleis adapt- I ed to impinge on the wall of said bore and be phone port. This provided the construction 11- I lustrated, wherein the included'a'ngle 3| was approximately 30. The intake valve l5 was equipped with a 180 shroud as shown. The adapter was constructed from brass stock which was drilledand tapped to provide a socket 5.4-51

for the'injectionnozzle, the axis of the socket having about an 89 angle tothe verticalcenterline of the adapter. A cam-operated .fuel pump having a 6 mm. pump plunge'r'controlled the supply of fuel to a standard Bosch injection nozzle having a zero cone angle mountedin the adapter, so that the fuel discharge port of the nozzle tip was immediately behind the inside of deflected in the form of a soft spray of low intensity through said discharge port into the combustion space. 1

- 2. An adapter according to claim 1, wherein the said bore flares outwardly from a relatively smaller port at the inner end thereof to a relatively larger port constituting said fuel discharge port, said flare and said angular inclination beingfsuch as to prevent any substantial reimpingement of the deflected soft spray on the bore wall of said adapter.

3. An adapter according to claim 1, wherein the central axis of said socket adapted to receive the fuel injection nozzle is inclined with respect -to the central axis of said extension which is adapted to be received; withinsaid cylinder open-- ing, the said axis of the bore also being inclined with respect to said central axis of the extension.

4. An adapter for a fuel injectionnozzle to be used in an internal combustion engine and having a tip with a fuel injection port and an externally threaded portion rearwardly of said tip,

comprising a member having a body of larger diameter and an externally threaded extension engine. said extension having a wallat' the nd thereof, an'external shoulder between said body and said extension adapted to limit threaded movement of said adapter into said cylinder opening so that the end of said extension wall is substantially flush with the wall of the combustion space of said cylinder, said adapter having a socket formed with an internallythreaded portion of large diameter formed inv the bodyportion. adapted toreceive theexternally threaded portion of the nozzle in gas tight relationship, and a smaller diameter portion formed within the said extension adapted to receive the nozzle tip; an internal shoulder between said socket portions adapted to limit threaded engagement of said nozzle into the said adapter socket so that. the said injection port of the] nozzletip is positioned near but behind the fsaid'end wall of said extension, said end wall having'a fuel passage extending therethrough, the inner end at said passage being adapted to be directly opposite the said injection port of the nozzle tip and the outer end of said passage being adapted to open into the combustion spaceor said cylinder, the axis of said fueLpassa-ge being -inclined to the longitudinal axisoi' the nozzle whenpositioned' within said socket and consequently inclined to the direction of fuel injection from said nozzle, whereby the fuel jet irom said nozzle is adapted to impinge on thewall of said-fuel pas sage and be deflected in theform of a soft spray of low intensity into the cylinder combustion space. I

5. An adapter in accordance with claim i, wherein the said fuel passage flares outwardly: from an opening of smaller diameter at the in ner end adjacent the nozzle tip position tofan opening of larger diameter at 'the"puter which is'adapted to i'acethe cylinder cornbus tion space, the extentoglsaid nated with the said inclination thereof such that reimpin ement or deflected fuel s ray on passage is substantlally v the wall or said fuel avoided.

flare being cib rdia '6. An adapter in accordance with claim '4, wherein the central axis of the said socketi's in clined to the central or the adapter body and. extension, and:the. axisofthe fuel passage is also inclined to .bodyand extension. 1-

the central axis-of the adapter '7; In an internal combustion (engineer the character described having a power cylinder providing a'jcornbustion space, '"and a spark plug having electrodes positioned 'within said combustionspac'e: the "combination o1 an impingemer t and heat absorbing member of high heat conductivity mounted in an opening through said cylinder wall adjacent said spark plug elec trodes and/so that the inner end wall or said member is substantially flush with thewall of said combustion space, said member having an outwardly opening socket, a fuel injection nozzle mounted within said" socket ,with' the nozzle tip behind saidinner end wall, said member'having a flaring ibore through-said end wall, the

smaller end of said bore being 'in 'alignmentwith said nozzle tip and-the larger end '01 said bore opening into .the. combustion space; in 'andsaid bore being angularlyn inclined with respectto the longitudinal of injection "from said nozzle tip andtoward said spark plug electrodes, whereby the iuellet from said nozzle "tip impinges on the flaring borew'all'and? isther'ebyheatttd and deflected into the said combustion space -"inthe form of a'highly atomized spray otlowintensity, the relative positioning of said member and spark plug electrodes and the angular inclination oi' said flaring bore being correlated so that an outer edge of said spray form passes close to said spark plug electrodes without direct impingef nent of liquid fuel thereon and combustible i'uel vapor-air jmixture rapidlyiormed along said trodes.

hereinthe' fuel iniection'nozzle tip has a subl 'stantially .zero, cone angle, and vthe flare vof the said boreiscorrelated to substantially avoid reinipingementofthe deflected spray on the bore wall ' JAY 13.1 

